How to Help Your 4th Grader Write a Biography

How to Help Your 4th Grader Write a Biography Assignments can differ from one teacher to another, but most fourth-grade biography papers will involve a specific format. If you dont have detailed instructions from their teacher, you can follow these instructions to help your child develop a great paper. Every paper should have the following sections: Cover pageAn  introductory paragraphThree body paragraphsA summary paragraph Cover Page The cover page gives the reader information about your child, their teacher, and the subject of your childs paper. It also makes the work look more polished. The cover page should include the following information: The title of your childs paperYour childs nameThe name of your childs teacher and their schoolTodays date Introductory Paragraph The introductory paragraph is where your child introduces his topic. It should contain a  strong first sentence that gives the reader a clear idea of what the paper is about. If your child is writing a report about Abraham Lincoln, the opening sentence may look something like this: Abraham Lincoln once described himself as an ordinary man with an extraordinary story. The introductory sentence should be followed by a few sentences that give a little more information about the  topic and lead up to your childs big claim, or thesis statement. A thesis statement is not merely a statement of fact. Rather, it is a specific claim that will be argued and defended later in the paper. The thesis statement also serves as a roadmap, giving the reader an idea of what is coming next. Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs of the biography are where your child goes into detail about their research. Each body paragraph should be about one main idea. In a biography of Abraham Lincoln, your child might write one paragraph about Lincolns childhood and another about his time as president. Each body paragraph should contain a topic sentence, support sentences, and a transition sentence. A topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. Support sentences are where your child goes into detail, adding more information that supports the topic sentence. At the end of each body  paragraph should be a transition sentence, which links the ideas from one paragraph to another. Transition sentences help guide the reader and keep the writing flowing smoothly. Sample Body Paragraph A  body paragraph may look something like this: (Topic sentence) Abraham Lincoln struggled to keep the country together when some people wanted to see it split apart. The Civil War broke out after many American states wanted to start a new country. Abraham Lincoln showed leadership skills when he led the Union to victory and kept the country from splitting in two. (Transition) His role in the Civil War kept the country together, but led to many threats to his own safety.(Next topic sentence) Lincoln did not back down under the many threats he received. . . . Summary or Conclusion Paragraph A strong conclusion restates your childs  argument and sums up everything they have written. It should also include a few sentences that repeat the points your child made in each body paragraph. In the end, your child should include a final sentence that sums up the whole argument. Although they contain some of the same information, the  introduction and the conclusion should not be the same. The conclusion should build on what your child has written in their body paragraphs and wrap things up for the reader. Sample Summary Paragraph The summary (or conclusion) should look something like this: Although many people in the country did not like Abraham Lincoln at the time, he was a great leader for our country. He kept the United States together when it was in danger of falling apart. He also stood brave in the face of danger and led the way to equal rights for all people. Abraham Lincoln is one of the most outstanding leaders in American history. Bibliography Your childs teacher may require a bibliography at the end of the students paper. The bibliography is simply a list of books or articles that your child used for his research. The sources should be listed in a precise format  and in alphabetical order.

How To Use Outbound Sales To Expand Your Lead Sources With Trish Bertuzzi

How To Use Outbound Sales To Expand Your Lead Sources With Trish Bertuzzi For companies that generate $5-$20 million in annual recurring revenue (ARR), marketing typically sources about 42% of an account executive’s leads. For larger revenue-generating companies with $20-$50 million in ARR, marketing sources only 36% of an account executive’s leads. So, if your inbound traffic is flatlining, it’s time to look into new lead sources to grow your business. How? Outbound sales and marketing processes, which diversify lead sources that help grow your business. Today, we’re talking to Trish Bertuzzi, CEO and founder of The Bridge Group and author of The Sales Development Playbook. The Bridge Group provides services to the B2B technology space in three areas: Sales development, inside sales, and account-based selling. Trish identifies the biggest challenges when companies are getting started with outbound sales or marketing. Best practices include automation and getting past cold processes to drive huge returns from outbound efforts. Some of the highlights of the show include: Getting to engagement is hardest part of the sales process because we overwhelm buyers spam emails and robo voicemails Different buyer types react to different ways of outreach; figure out your buyer type, analyze their preferences, and build a strategy Effective Outbound Outreach Tactics: If you’re going to use the phone, tell a story with your voicemails; back that up with great emails and valuable content Sales and marketing teams should build stories together and consider implementing a CRM, sequencing tool, and conversational intelligence tools Get a steady stream of outbound leads through a strategy: Who to go after, what to say, how to say it, how message will be delivered, and how to analyze results Get to the point when reaching out to someone for the first time; tell them your objective and what’s in it for them Make voicemails and emails concise; subject lines matter and no attachments The Bridge Group publishes two primary reports: Inside Sales for SaaS Metrics and Comp and Sales Development Metrics and Comp Reports are the #1 lead source for The Bridge Group; they’ve impacted the company’s pipeline and revenues. Look at the right numbers; how many fit your ideal customer profile? Links: The Bridge Group The Bridge Group’s Blog The Bridge Group on LinkedIn Inside Sales for SaaS Metrics and Comp Sales Development Metrics and Comp The Sales Development Playbook Chorus Gong ExecVision OutBound Sales Acceleration Conference Fanatical Prospecting Write and send a review to receive a care package Quotes by Trish Bertuzzi: â€Å"We’re not being human with them, we’re just throwing crap against the wall and praying to God something sticks, so they’ve built a wall, the wall is higher than it’s ever been before, outbound’s tougher.† â€Å"Different buyer types will react to different ways of outreach, so I think you have to figure out how do your buyers want to be approached.† â€Å"Outbound is about making sure we’re all targeting our perfect ideal customer profile, that our story is in alignment, that our marketing message backs it up, and that all of our content is part of the overall story.† â€Å"I always say those who focus are those who win.

BusinessMGT Unit1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BusinessMGT Unit1 - Assignment Example Business Management Unit 1: Part 1 Introduction The function of job organization and information is a crucial offshoot of the organization structure that effectively delineates the different departments, divisions, sections and units in the light of the organization’s philosophy, resources and needs. A job description details the content of the job, specifically the nature of the job, the person the worker is responsible to, accountabilities, competencies and skills requirements, among others (Martires, 2004, 108). Given that the vice president for services requires a detailed presentation of the job description of a manager to be recruited for the services division, the essay hereby details the requirement. Job Description o a Manager of the Services Division Position: Manager, Services Division, assists the Vice President in the performance of management services functions and understands the organization’s practices and competently delivers outputs consistent with fu nctions expected of a manager. Characteristics and Experience Required: 1. Must be at least a Master’s Degree in Business Administration preferably with strong service background; with at least 3 years experience in a Service oriented organization. 2. With good moral character and exhibiting exemplary conceptual, communication, effectiveness, and interpersonal skills. 3. Must have knowledge of theories, principles and practices of managing a service organization with than 3 years experience in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling a new service department to provide excellent customer service. 4. Must have the ability to manage projects and programs by designing an interplay of activities consistent with the maintenance of a conducive working environment for the service personnel; must motivate subordinates towards the accomplishment of goals; must effectively coordinate requirements of various stakeholders and to recommend alternative courses of action to authorized higher management personnel for required decisions making processes. 5. Must be mature and dependable in all situations, aggressive with sincere desire further one’s professional career in the organization; flexible in working under different working conditions; possesses the highest degree of integrity and discipline and resourceful in undertaking assignments and projects, as necessary. Duties and Responsibilities 1. Directs and manages the service department into the development of strategies towards the accomplishment of plans, objectives and goals pursuant to policies and procedures; actively develops schedules, budgets, proposals and plans to comply with required programs; assigned duties, tasks and responsibilities of personnel; performs performance appraisals and evaluation of personnel; monitors the compliance to programs and the level of accomplishments of projects as planned; coordinates all activities with external agencies; prepares business continuity and emerge ncy plans and procedures; reviews required documentary reports and advises senior management, as required; actively involved in problem-solving, troubleshooting, conflict resolution and decision-making, as needed. 2. Coordinates with various stakeholders in terms of activities of the new department in terms of utilization of resources and the need to use funds, as proposed. 3. Reviews and updates policies, procedures and

Economic Crisis in the United States Research Paper

Economic Crisis in the United States - Research Paper Example widespread failure in regulatory oversight) (Barclift, 2011, p. 450). However, deeper analysis of the crisis shows that though the crisis is financial in nature, the culprit is not financial as many have explained but structural; it is caused by the faulty macroeconomic strategies of US – the reliance on bubble economy and dependency on international credits and imports. I. Understanding the Crisis Experts, policymakers and observers (BBC, 2007; Zaman, 2009, p. 64; Katkov, 2011, p. 898) perceive the crisis in contending ways, depending on which spectrum one aligns. But as the events unfold, everyone seems to agree that the crisis has started to manifest itself in the burst of the housing bubble in 2007 followed by the financial market crash. How did this happen? This question must have been asked with the shocking realization that this actually happens in the US – the seat of world power and the home of distinguished economists, financial analysts, and bankers. But afte r understanding the events, one would probably say that this kind of crisis would be most highly probable in the US. Why? The answer to this would come later. Going back to the first question, to answer this requires one to understand the mortgage lending in the US. One good simple explanation on this is to understand the effects of the changes made on the traditional model of mortgage lending to the sub-prime model as illustrated below. The differences between the two models rest on three important factors: First, the reliance on real assets for banks to lend; second, the guarantee on the capacity of borrowers to pay; and third, the transparency in the conditions of loans – i.e. that sub-prime loans are usually adjustable rate mortgages (ARM); toxic instruments, like the collateralized debt obligations (CDO) that the biggest investment banks of the world pump out (BBC, 2007, p. 1). In short, there are solid bases by which banks and borrowers conduct business, giving both par ties clear indicators by which to act. Unfortunately, these three important factors on which banks traditionally operate are disregarded in the new sub-prime model. Though it is true that selling on the mortgages to the bond markets has given banks additional leverage to fund more borrowings, however, it has resulted to fraudulent practices, which banks no longer have the incentive to check (BBC, 2007, p. 1) – i.e., falsifying credit histories or income of borrowers by mortgage brokers to qualify borrowers so that brokers can earn fees and commission (Zaman, 2009, p. 65). Truly, the sub-prime model has succeeded in raising the demand for housing, which caused the housing bubble, but in the end caused the financial crisis. Freeman (2002) explained that the housing bubble created a hyperinflationary spiral, fuelling speculative investments in real estate. Consequently, this sent prices, assessments, real estate and mortgage credit volume also spiraling upwards. Such was actuall y the objective of the City of London-Wall Street financier and Fannie Mae. On the contrary, the productive economy that would have given debtors the capacity to pay and that would have given resilience to the US economy was staggering downward. (pp. 12, 17) Expectantly, as BBC (2007) reported, sub-prime borrowers, which make-up 22% ($1.3 trillion) of the $6 trillion mortgage

United States Army Essay Example for Free

United States Army Essay The rhetoric writing skills that I have been learning as a modern-day student in English composition is certainly relevant to me because of my profession. To be an effective leader of the United States Army and to be able to provide adequate counseling to my soldiers, I must be able to get my ideas across effectively in both writing and speaking. Rhetoric, being the art of using language to communicate effectively, involves communicating my vision and effectively being able to express my ideas and disagreements. It is essential to me as a Signal Support Systems Specialist and my units ability to accomplish its mission. The study of rhetoric is valuable in allowing me to further enhance my abilities in persuasion, public relations, and technical writing that I use in my job. As a leader, my first priority is to ensure that I not only understand the mission assigned, but that I am able to communicate the intent, standard, and goals to my team. This is accomplished through writing out operation orders that are later discussed in detail in a small forum. Since there are cases where the decision that was made may not be in the best interest of my team, rhetoric is applied to communicate such concerns. There are also instances that the Senior Advisor in Signal Support to the commander delivers briefings and presentations. Having studied rhetoric, I am able to easily provide a presentation that is not only is informative but also gives various courses of action that can be implemented. Currently, under my supervision are three soldiers. As their leader, I must communicate consistently and effectively and this is done through verbal and written counseling. The purpose of counseling these soldiers is to ensure that they are sufficiently equipped and informed about their tasks and responsibilities. This highlights rhetoric’s importance in my ability to perform to standard. Rhetoric may be an ancient form of communication; however it is still prevalent today and allows me the ability to perform effectively daily. New Orleans is more than a tourist city to me. It is my home. It is where I was born and raised. To others, New Orleans may only be known for its Mardi Gras and Bourbon Street, and more recently, Hurricane Katrina. But this city is known for so much more that just these things. New Orleans is alive with culture, music, heritage, and great food that not many have even heard of. New Orleans is famous all over the world as the birthplace of Jazz, and is nicknamed Hollywood South for the numerous movies that have been filmed or produced in or around the city, including The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Last Holiday, Glory Road, and others. New Orleans has hosted nine Super Bowl games and the Nokia Sugar Bowl. This place is also the home of the Essence Music Festival, New Orleans Jazz Heritage Festival and other events. New Orleans is a multicultural city that is rich with heritage and history that dates back to 1718. The multicultural environment can be owed to the fact that this place is a major port city. A testament to this is the presence of Americas oldest black neighborhood, Faubourg Treme. The Faubourg Treme is located between the boundaries of North Rampart Street and North Broad Street and from Canal Street to St. Bernard Avenue. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Faubourg Treme was the first place free persons of color could purchase ownership of land and real property during a time when America still patronized slavery. New Orleans is a very musical city. It can be heard all throughout the city from local jazz musicians, brass bands, and high school bands. Music can be called the heart of New Orleans where people can enjoy them from street performers to any night club to where live performances are done. This is the only city where death would be celebrated with a jazz funeral, which begins with a march by the family, friends, and a brass band from the home, funeral home or church to the cemetery. I have a lot of recorded music from multiple arts and performances that people can listen to and enjoy as a testament to the musicality of the community. New Orleans is also known for its great food. There are a variety of food choices including fine dining restaurants to the local cafes, delis, and pizzerias. One of my favorite restaurants that is a must-try is Copelands Cajun Bistro located 1700 Lapalco Blvd. in Harvey, LA on the Westbank. The variety of Cajun dishes and seafood platters are worth the two hour wait without reservations on Friday and Saturday nights. A must-try dish is the ricochet catfish, which is great combination of Cajun and seafood mix. New Orleans is unlike any other city in the world. It has a great past and a promising future. When coming to visit, plan on returning for additional trips because no one can experience everything this city has to offer in just one visit. I mentioned a few places can be enjoyed doing on your trip but, there is so much more. I have lived here my entire life and I still have not taken in all of the culture, music, heritage, and great food New Orleans has to offer. Enjoy your trip! Being a Signal Support Systems Specialist in the United States Army, I use technical documents daily. In the field of Tactical Radio Communication, I refer to technical manuals to be my guide. There was a sixteen week course of training I went through to learn how to operate various equipment. The technical manuals used for the equipment I use have complicated flow charts and diagrams that contain instructions on how to effectively operate them. By fully understanding the technical manuals and how to operate the equipment, I transform the technical language into simpler terms others less versed with them will be able to understand and operate the equipment. If my audience was unfamiliar with the equipment, it wound be difficult for them to understand the text inside of a technical manual. This is why, when I give instructions to personnel who do not have the same knowledge as I do, I reconstruct my text so that that my class would understand. When explaining the contents of the technical manual, common words are used to explain the point of the book. Words like SINCGARS, Cypher Text, and DAGR are changed to better understand into simpler words such as radio, secure communication, and GPS. Choice of vocabulary for a general audience will get your point across without confusing your audience, and give them a general idea of what you are saying. When crafting the sentence structures, short and concise sentences are used to capture the attention of my audience. The technical manual is filled with a lot of safety warnings and limitations that are very lengthy. Constantly reading these limitations can confuse, scare, and take away the attention span of my audience. Instead of constantly reading safety warnings every three to five lines, I omit the scenarios the audience would not face to make it easier to follow. This will simplify the understanding of what they are reading. In any writing, it is important to pay attention to your choice of text, sentence structure and sentence length. Breaking down the contents of the technical manual taking out the use of technical terms and replacing with common words, it would be easier for my audience with no knowledge of the equipment to understand. The use of basic terms makes it easier to keep the audience attention and help them understand them importance of what you are describing to them. I chose threes three essays to be in my portfolio because these are where I learned so much. These three essays show different styles of writing that I can use both in my personal, everyday communication as well as in my profession. These three essays also contain many of the points that were important for me to improve on. From vocabulary to grammar to mechanics, I have seen where I can improve my written English skills to best serve me now and in the future. The way I edited my work is through reading it first. There are many cases when I thought that the sentence just doesn’t read or feel right. So in the first instance, I focused on style before I went to the detailed nitty-gritty of the whole essay. Such cases like the first sentence of my first paragraph, â€Å"As a modern-day student of English composition, the style of rhetoric writing is most applicable to me because of my profession† I changed to â€Å"The rhetoric writing skills that I have been learning as a modern-day student in English composition is certainly relevant to me because of my profession. † I did this because I felt that the flow was better and that it hammers the point across better than the previous sentence. Another example is the change of the sentence from â€Å"Since the city serves as a major United States port, New Orleans is a multicultural city† to â€Å"The multicultural environment can be owed to the fact that this place is a major port city. † To aid these changes, I also extended my vocabulary so that I would not sound redundant in my work. Such instances include deleting nouns and using pronouns in their place or using other nouns (such as â€Å"city† for â€Å"New Orleans†). Sometimes, I even revise whole sentences in order to reduce the number of times I need to write the actual noun I was referring to. In terms of vocabulary, using a more extensive choice of words also worked to keep the flow of the sentences moving, but more importantly, make the point clearer. A case in point is when I used â€Å"Faubourg Treme was the first place free persons of color could purchase ownership of land and real property during a time when America was still immersed in slavery† in my earlier work and replaced it with â€Å"Faubourg Treme was the first place free persons of color could purchase ownership of land and real property during a time when America still patronized slavery. † The precise use of the words made it clear that America was using slavery instead of the former which can be confused as Americans being in slavery themselves. This highlights the importance of using precise language in delivering our messages and getting our points across more clearly. I was also careful of the use of punctuation marks when I revised my three essays. I noticed that I often do not use a comma when a comma is required. I also observed that I use the wrong spacing in between words; most especially in between two sentences (after the period and before the first word of the next sentence). These errors, I also removed. I also followed comments given on my papers. One such example is cutting a redundant paragraph in the last essay (on the point that most of the key information can already be found in the first paragraph). Other things I followed are accepting the comments and revisions made on the paper when some sentences and words were changed or deleted or added to. I also took notes on important comments and internalized them, such as giving out topic sentences. I revised my work to accommodate the comments and revisions made on my paper and kept an open mind about the mistakes that I made to make sure I learn my lessons well. In all, I learned so much from the exercise of drafting my writing and editing them. I have learned the importance of editing because without it, I make so many mistakes and these mistakes might become a source of confusion to those who will read my work. I also know that if I edit, I can make my points clearer and that I can even emphasize things that are needed to be emphasized when they are not done so in the first place during the first draft of my work. In all, many of my editing came from conscious decisions that I learned in class.

Parents and Education Essay -- Informative, Personal Experience

Throughout my life I have been very lucky; I have a mom that supported me. She was there to drop me off at school, she made sure I had a ride home, she drove me around to countless cross country practice, and she always checked to see if my homework was done. While at the time I might not have realized it, but my mom was instilling in me the importance of school and my education. When my mom helped me through long division and my time tables, she was showing me more than how do divide large numbers, she showed me that be taking time out of her day for me to learn, that education is very important to have and that it is a worthy investment. Since being in college I have gotten the opportunity to meet a lot of people. All of them have their own story. While some people might have had similar upbringings, others had quite different ones. As I continue to meet new people throughout my college career, I always wonder how there upbringing is and how it translates to their school schooling . As I wonder this I cannot help but to ask the question: How does parental involvement affect a child’s educational career? One thing I was always curious about is simply why parents help their kids. While it seems like a very simple question, I think it is a very important one. As Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey et al wrote in a 2001 article in Educational Psychology: â€Å"†¦parents decide to become involved in students' homework because they believe they should be involved, believe their involvement will make a difference, and perceive that their involvement is wanted and expected† (206). I think my mom would agree to this statement and her reasoning for helping me would include a majority of the list. Because parents feel that being involved in education is... ...school functions. Children perceive parental guidance as a good thing and enjoy working with parents at home as well as occasional visits to schools. Parents can take advantage of certain strategies that their kids can benefit from. These ultimately lead to better academic society and better behaved kids. As I am looking back on my childhood and early school career I now realize how great of a family I had. The parents that supported me and helped me through school has given me opportunities that might not be had I had less supportive parents. Because of my parent’s dedication to my education, I in turn am able to make education a main focus and a tool to a successful life. This will be a great benefit that I hope parents realize is important. I hope education about parental involvement can be spread so the barriers that slow parental involvement can be stopped. Parents and Education Essay -- Informative, Personal Experience Throughout my life I have been very lucky; I have a mom that supported me. She was there to drop me off at school, she made sure I had a ride home, she drove me around to countless cross country practice, and she always checked to see if my homework was done. While at the time I might not have realized it, but my mom was instilling in me the importance of school and my education. When my mom helped me through long division and my time tables, she was showing me more than how do divide large numbers, she showed me that be taking time out of her day for me to learn, that education is very important to have and that it is a worthy investment. Since being in college I have gotten the opportunity to meet a lot of people. All of them have their own story. While some people might have had similar upbringings, others had quite different ones. As I continue to meet new people throughout my college career, I always wonder how there upbringing is and how it translates to their school schooling . As I wonder this I cannot help but to ask the question: How does parental involvement affect a child’s educational career? One thing I was always curious about is simply why parents help their kids. While it seems like a very simple question, I think it is a very important one. As Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey et al wrote in a 2001 article in Educational Psychology: â€Å"†¦parents decide to become involved in students' homework because they believe they should be involved, believe their involvement will make a difference, and perceive that their involvement is wanted and expected† (206). I think my mom would agree to this statement and her reasoning for helping me would include a majority of the list. Because parents feel that being involved in education is... ...school functions. Children perceive parental guidance as a good thing and enjoy working with parents at home as well as occasional visits to schools. Parents can take advantage of certain strategies that their kids can benefit from. These ultimately lead to better academic society and better behaved kids. As I am looking back on my childhood and early school career I now realize how great of a family I had. The parents that supported me and helped me through school has given me opportunities that might not be had I had less supportive parents. Because of my parent’s dedication to my education, I in turn am able to make education a main focus and a tool to a successful life. This will be a great benefit that I hope parents realize is important. I hope education about parental involvement can be spread so the barriers that slow parental involvement can be stopped.

Leadership Speech

Eric Chen Speech1 2/21/13 Politician Mitt Romney once said, â€Å"Leadership is about taking responsibility, not making excuses. † All of us want to accomplish something in our lives; we want to be leaders of our own, in order to do that we have to stop making excuses. I looked through the internet and I got information about leaders in our society and I researched one of them. Today I will answer the question â€Å"Who is Michal Jordan? † you will see that he is a leader who has had a tremendous impact on society through his sense of vision, his ability to motivate, and his ability to handle conflict.Stay in tune as we learn about one of the greatest NBA Legends of all time. First of all, Jordan had a sense of vision; some people would give up after being cut from the varsity team but not Jordan. According to his biography, when Michal Jordan was cut from the varsity team as a sophomore he started working harder according to him, â€Å"Whenever I was working out and g ot tired and figured I ought to stop, I’d close my eyes and see that list in the locker room without my name on it and that usually got me going again† Later on Jordan made the team again and led them to a state champion.He has shown the world that people can do what they envision if they work hard enough. Jordan can do more than work hard to fulfill his visions he can help others achieve their goals too. Second of all, Jordan had the ability to motivate his teammates. In his biography, he would always tell his teammates whenever they were underperforming and urge them to work harder. With Jordan motivating his teammates they worked hard and successfully defended the title for two more seasons.Jordan can also handle conflict. Lastly, Jordan could handle conflict. Jordan had many conflicts throughout his career but because he was a leader he overcame each and every one of them. According to his biography in the 1985-86 season he broke his leg but at the end he came back stronger than ever scoring 43. 7 ppg. His ability to handle conflict allowed him to lead his NBA team to championship after championship. As you can see Jordan can handle conflict.In closing, today I had answer the question â€Å"Who is Michael Jordan† by taking a look his leadership brought on society. I have given examples of her sense of vision, his ability to motivate, and his ability to handle conflict. Perhaps now you will think more about the role you will play as a leader in society. Hopefully you will be inspired by the life of this NBA legend. For as Mitt Romney once said â€Å"Leadership is about taking responsibility, not making excuses. † Leadership Speech Eric Chen Speech1 2/21/13 Politician Mitt Romney once said, â€Å"Leadership is about taking responsibility, not making excuses. † All of us want to accomplish something in our lives; we want to be leaders of our own, in order to do that we have to stop making excuses. I looked through the internet and I got information about leaders in our society and I researched one of them. Today I will answer the question â€Å"Who is Michal Jordan? † you will see that he is a leader who has had a tremendous impact on society through his sense of vision, his ability to motivate, and his ability to handle conflict.Stay in tune as we learn about one of the greatest NBA Legends of all time. First of all, Jordan had a sense of vision; some people would give up after being cut from the varsity team but not Jordan. According to his biography, when Michal Jordan was cut from the varsity team as a sophomore he started working harder according to him, â€Å"Whenever I was working out and g ot tired and figured I ought to stop, I’d close my eyes and see that list in the locker room without my name on it and that usually got me going again† Later on Jordan made the team again and led them to a state champion.He has shown the world that people can do what they envision if they work hard enough. Jordan can do more than work hard to fulfill his visions he can help others achieve their goals too. Second of all, Jordan had the ability to motivate his teammates. In his biography, he would always tell his teammates whenever they were underperforming and urge them to work harder. With Jordan motivating his teammates they worked hard and successfully defended the title for two more seasons.Jordan can also handle conflict. Lastly, Jordan could handle conflict. Jordan had many conflicts throughout his career but because he was a leader he overcame each and every one of them. According to his biography in the 1985-86 season he broke his leg but at the end he came back stronger than ever scoring 43. 7 ppg. His ability to handle conflict allowed him to lead his NBA team to championship after championship. As you can see Jordan can handle conflict.In closing, today I had answer the question â€Å"Who is Michael Jordan† by taking a look his leadership brought on society. I have given examples of her sense of vision, his ability to motivate, and his ability to handle conflict. Perhaps now you will think more about the role you will play as a leader in society. Hopefully you will be inspired by the life of this NBA legend. For as Mitt Romney once said â€Å"Leadership is about taking responsibility, not making excuses. †

Attachment Theory

Can early insecure attachment doom the child to psychopathology in later life? Shaffer, (1993) defines attachment as a â€Å"close emotional relationship between two people two persons, characterised by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity†. According to Browby, (1969) attachment behaviours are formed in infancy and help shape the attachment relationships people have as adults. Psychopathology’ refers to study of mental illness or mental health distress or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences that may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment (Allen, 1999).This essay will analyse how early insecure attachment doom the child to psychopathology in later life. The evaluation will show how attachment insecurity is a major contributor to mental disorders, and an amelioration of psychopathology. The critics of attachment will be analysed followed by a concise conclusion According to Bowlby, (1969) attachment begins in infancy and last s throughout a lifetime. A newborn baby immediately needs someone to take care of and Takahashi, (1999) both believed that this primary caregiver usually the mother, is the one that will most shape the child's personality and character within minutes of giving birth.It is important for the new parents and baby to be alone together right after the birth to establish an attachment bond. Elliot, (2003) assets that if there are too many individuals in the room right after birth, the natural process of attachment can be disrupted and this can have long-term effects on the relationship between the child and parents. Fathers, according Fraley, (2003) are expected also to establish a bond after the child is born. Researches reveal that fathers who have early contact with their child have a stronger bond with them in the months following the birth.Takahashi, (1999) commends that strong attachment between father and child is shown through physical contact. Fathers have a more physical relatio nship with the child while the mother's relationship is more verbal Takahashi, (1999). When the mother-infant interactions are observed, the mother is seen as nurturing and affectionate towards the infant, whereas father-infant interactions deal more with affiliation and play (Geiger, 1996). It has been shown that the fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable to children than lay interactions with the mother (Geiger, 1996). Research reveals that parent-child bonds are most important in forming the child's personality (Allen, 1999). Insecure attachment doom the child to psychopathology in later life Bowlby, (1969) assets that human beings are born with an innate psychobiological system that motivates them to seek proximity to significant others in times of need. Bowlby, (1969) asserts that interactions with attachment figures promote a stable sense of attachment security and build positive mental representations of self and others.When a person’s attachment f igures is not reliably available and supportive, proximity seeking fails to relieve distress, felt security is undermined, negative models of self and others are formed, and the likelihood of later emotional problems and maladjustment increases (Harris, 1998).. Problems in emotional regulation, like relationship disturbances, are pervasive markers of psychopathology and such problems underlie most disorders of children and adults (Cole, 1994). Indeed, â€Å"emotional disturbance† often is used as a synonym for psychopathology.Emotional regulation is the defining feature of all close relationships and the central goal of early primary relationships (Sroufe, 1997). Anxious attachments do not cause later disorders; rather they initiate pathways for psychopathology. Psychopathology always is the result of the combination of risk and protective factors impacting on the individual's life over time (Schofield, 1999). Individual disturbance, in this view, begins as relationships are hypothesized to be the forerunners of many major childhood disorders and adult personality disorders as well.Relationship disturbances often precede the manifestation of individual pathology (Klaus, 1995). Moreover, relationship change has been shown to precede change and to influence the effect of other variables on psychopathology (Geiger, 1996) and this directly lead to a pathological outcome in a linear manner, yet it is certain that relationship experiences often are a crucial and waning of pathology. Research have established two basic dimensions of parenting as risk factors for psychopathology: (1) harsh treatment (hostility, criticality, ejection); and (2) lack of clear, firm discipline or supervision (Weiss, 1982). These factors together, and in interaction with other variables, are often especially predictive and at times capable of differentiating various pathological outcomes. Countless studies supported the view that child rejection, lack of support, and hostility are c onsistently related to depression (Klaus, 1995). Klaus, (1995) found that parental rejection and power assertive discipline predicted delinquent behaviour.Field, (1996) reported that aggressive treatment of children and low parental warmth predicted childhood depression (Elliot, 2003). Child maltreatment according to (Lynch, 1995) confirms that parental hostility and harshness is associated with conduct problems, disruptive behaviours disorders, attention problems, anxiety disorders (including PTSD and mood disorders. A study found that found that 9096 of children with an observed history of childhood maltreatment showed at least one diagnosable disorder at age 17'% years, compared to 3096 of the poverty control subjects who were not maltreated.Divorce, parental disharmony, and family violence all have been consistently associated with child behavioural and emotional problems (Brendgen, 2001). Such conditions are overlapping and numerous studies have shown children of divorce to hav e more problems than those in intact families (Harris, 1998). It is the case that behaviour problems often precede the divorce (Fraley, 2003) and that parental conflict is consistently found to be a stronger predictor of child maladjustment than marital status.Family violence has also been found to be associated with child pathology and numerous studies have documented a relation between a history of peer rejection and later maladjustment, both externalizing and internalizing problems (Pickover, 2002). Research has confirmed that infants with histories of secure attachment with their primary caregivers later are characterized by more effective self-regulation (Sroufe, 1997). Moreover, those with different kinds of anxious attachment histories behave in distinctive ways are unable to sustain interactions with peers, are disconnected from other children and/or how antipathy for them (Trowell, 1982). Those with anxious attachment histories have problems of one kind or another. Anxiety disorders are associated with histories of anxious attachment (Seiffge-Krenke, 1993) Aggression, and conduct disturbances have been found to be related to anxious/avoidant attachment Both resistant and avoidant attachment appear to be related to depression various aspects of emotional and cognitive experience (Klaus, 1995).When dealing with parental loss, one logical connection with psychoanalytic theory is disruption of parent-child bonds or dysfunctional relationships would lead to future impairments in the individual's capacity to develop relationships (Takahashi, 1999). Insecure attachment systems have been linked to psychiatric disorders, to which a child is especially susceptible after the loss of an attachment figure (Fraley, 2003).Children with insecure attachment patterns develop the inability to form secure attachments and react in a hostile, rejecting manner with their environment (Field, 1996). Severe attachment disorders cause the child to get close to an attachment fig ure, and then pull away before they can be rejected or they deem themselves unworthy in the eyes of the attachment figure (Field, 1996). Children with secure attachment patterns are capable of forming new attachment relationships while maintaining their current relationship with their parents (Weiss, 1982).Insecure children focus all of the attention on achieving a better relationship with their parents, therefore making it difficult to form new attachment relationships (Weiss, 1982). According to attachment theory, interactions with inconsistent, unreliable, or insensitive attachment figures interfere with the development of a secure, stable mental foundation; reduce resilience in coping with stressful life events; and predispose a person to break down psychologically in times of crisis (Geiger, 1996).Attachment insecurity can therefore be viewed as a general vulnerability to mental disorders, with the particular symptomatology depending on genetic, developmental, and environmental factors (Elliot, 2003). Brendgen, (2001) reviewed hundreds of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective studies of both clinical and non-clinical samples and found that attachment insecurity was common among people with a wide variety of mental disorders, ranging from mild distress to severe personality disorders and even schizophrenia.Consistently results reveal that attachment insecurities of both the anxious and avoidant varieties are associated with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Brendgen, 2001). Attachment insecurity is also a key feature of many personality disorders; however the specific kind of attachment insecurity differs across disorders (Trowell, 1982). Anxious attachment is associated with dependent, histrionic, and borderline disorders, whereas avoidant attachment is associated with schizoid and avoidant disorders (Trowell, 1982).Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) found that attachment anxiety i s associated with â€Å"emotional dysregulation a component of personality disorders, which includes identity confusion, anxiety, emotional liability, cognitive distortions, submissiveness, oppositionality, self-harm, narcissism, and suspiciousness. Seiffge-Krenke, (1993) also found that avoidant attachment is associated with â€Å"inhibitedness† component of personality problems, including restricted expression of emotions, problems with intimacy, and social avoidance.Another related issue concerning the associations between attachment insecurities and psychopathology is the extent to which attachment insecurities are a sufficient cause of mental disorders, such separation anxiety and pathological grief, in which attachment injuries are the main causes and themes, attachment insecurities are unlikely to be sufficient causes of mental disorders. Other factors e. g. genetically determined temperament; intelligence; life history and abuse converge to amplify the effects of att achment experiences on the way to psychopathology (Field, 1996).Many studies of large community samples have found no association between avoidant attachment and self-report measures of global distress, however, studies that focus on highly stressful events, such as exposure to missile attacks, living in a dangerous neighborhood, or giving birth to a handicapped infant, have indicated that avoidance is related to greater distress and poorer long-term adjustment (Allen, 1999). It has been noted that the association between attachment insecurity and depression is higher among adults with a childhood history of physical, psychological, or sexual abuse.People exposed to stressful life events; poverty, physical health problems, and involvement in turbulent romantic relationships during adolescence also strengthen the link between attachment insecurity and psychopathology (Harris, 1998). Attachment insecurities seem to contribute nonspecifically too many kinds of psychopathology (Trowell, 1982) however; particular forms of attachment insecurity seem to predispose a person to particular configurations of mental disorders.The attachment-psychopathology link is moderated by a large array of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, and mental disorders and may erode a person’s sense of attachment security. If attachment insecurities are risk factors for psychopathology, then the creation, maintenance, or restoration of a sense of attachment security should increase resilience and improve mental health. According to attachment theory, interactions with available and supportive attachment figures impart a sense of safety, trigger positive emotions and provide psychological resources for dealing with problems and adversities (Trowell, 1982).Takahashi, (1999) believed that parents should not be totally held responsible for the way their child develops. They should be held responsible to a point, because after all, they did give them their genes and they do have some influence. Children rely more on their social group in the shaping of their personality and development of psychopathology Also, Field (1996) argue that the mother is not always the primary attachment figure, so it cannot be assumed that she always will be.The causal links between attachment and psychopathology are also complicated and research findings show that psychological problems can increase attachment insecurity (Pickover, 2002). There is also preliminary evidence that a sense of security provided by a psychotherapist improves a client’s mental health. Pickover, (2002) found that a client’s positive appraisals of his or her therapist’s sensitivity and supportiveness predicted relief from depression and maintenance of therapeutic benefits.According to attachment theory and research, lack of parental sensitivity and responsiveness contributes to disorders of the self, characterized by lack of self-cohesion, doubts about one’s internal coherence and continuity over time, unstable self-esteem, and over-dependence on other people’s approval (Allen, 1999). Insecure people are likely to be overly self-critical, plagued by self-doubts, or prone to using defenses, such as destructive perfectionism, to counter feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness (Allen, 1999). According to attachment heory, recurrent failures to obtain support from attachment figure interfere with acquisition of social skills and create serious problems in interpersonal relations (Field, 1996). Fraley, (2003) using an assessment device â€Å"Inventory of Interpersonal Problems found that attachment anxiety was associated with more interpersonal problems in general and avoidant people generally had problems with nurturance and anxious people had problems with emotionality. According to Harris (1998) parents do not shape their child's personality or character.A child's peers have more influence on them than their parents e. g take children w hose parents were immigrants, a child can continue to speak their parent's native language at home, but can also learn their new language and speak it without an accent, while the parent’s accent remains. Children learn these things from their peers because they want to fit in (Harris, 1998). If a child is brought up in a crime-ridden area, they will be predisposed to committing these same kinds of crimes (Klaus, 1995) because of the high rate of peer pressure and because they want to fit in to the group.Even if the parents try to bring up their children the best way possible, chances are that if they associate with delinquents, they will become ones, but if you take a child headed down the wrong path and move him to new environment, chances are he will get himself on the right track, because he is trying to fit in with a new peer group (Harris, 1998). Children will not use everything that they learned from their parents. In some social settings, these lessons may not be corr ect or embarrassing to use.Children learn how to behave, for the most part, from other people in their social group. Adults do the same; they act more like people in their social groups rather than their parents. Children from the same parents reared in the same home are no more alike than if they were raised in separate homes. Even if parents try to raise two children the same way, they will still behave differently from each other (Harris, 1998). The model attachment is based on behaviors that occur during momentary separations (stressful situations) rather than during no stressful situations (Elliot, 2003).A broader understanding of attachment requires observation of how the mother and infant interact and what they provide for each other during natural, no stressful situations† (Field, 1996). How children and mothers interact together and not stressed shows more of how the attachment model works than how the child acts when the mother leaves and then returns. Behavioursâ₠¬â„¢ directed towards the attachment figure during departing and reunion times cannot be the only factor used when defining attachment (Elliot, 2003).Another problem with the attachment model is that the list of attachment behaviours are constricted to those that occur with the primary attachment figure, other attachments are not necessarily characterized by those same behaviours† (Field, 1996). Children have attachments to other people other than their mothers, but they do not show this attachment the same way (Geiger, 1996). The mother is viewed as the primary attachment figure, when in fact; a father or sibling can have the same type of attachment with the infant at the same time.This relates to adults having more than one principal attachment, such as to their spouse and child (Trowell, 1982). Attachment insecurities are associated with a wide variety of mental disorders, ranging from mild negative affectivity to severe, disorganizing, and paralyzing personality disorders. Evidence suggests that insecure attachment orientations are fairly general pathogenic states. Although many of the research findings supporting these ideas are co-relational, several studies show a prospective connection between attachments References Allen, J. (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P.Shaver (Eds. ), Handbook of attachment (pp. 319-335). New York: Guilford. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). New York: Basic. Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents' friendships: Associations with mothers' interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 429-445. Elliot, A. J. (2003). Attachment and exploration in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 317-331. Field, T. (1996). Attachment and separation in young children. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 541-562. Fraley, R. C. (2003).Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically dist ributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior. Developmental Psychology, 39, 387-404. Geiger, B. (1996) Fathers as primary caregivers. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press. Klaus, P. H. (1995). Bonding. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Pickover, S. (2002). Breaking the cycle: A clinical example of disrupting an insecure attachment system. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24, 358-367. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1993). Close friendship and imaginary companions in adolescence.Close friendships in adolescence (pp. 73-87). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schofield, G. (1999). Attachment theory, child maltreatment and family support. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Takahashi, K. (1999). Parental loss in childhood and social support in adulthood among psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 165-169. Trowell, J. (1982). Effects of obstetric management on the mother-child relationship. The pl ace of attachment in human behavior (pp. 79-94). New York: Basic. Weiss, R. S. (1982). Attachment in adult life. The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 171-184). New York: Basic.

Primary Health Care Background and Definitions Essay Example

Primary Health Care Background and Definitions Essay Example Primary Health Care Background and Definitions Essay Primary Health Care Background and Definitions Essay In 1978, World Health Organization ( WHO ) envisioned a impression Health for all by twelvemonth 2000.1 The factors that fuelled the demand for such an ambitious vision were embedded in a planetary socio-political, geographical, cultural and economic context at that clip. Rising unfairnesss and deficiency of societal justness along with the lifting costs that farther cemented the spreads in handiness and use of wellness services and the barriers faced in implementing the basic wellness services attack were the premier stimulations for WHO to show a instead extremist thought of Health for all .2, 3 In this context, PHC was defined as set of activities that span from basic place based attention to the extremely sophisticated wellness services proviso at the Hospitals. 1, 2, 3 PHC was termed as indispensable wellness attention 1, concentrating upon bar and wellness publicity in add-on to remedy ; based upon the pillars of community authorization for solutions to wellness jobs and t heir sustainability ; rational allotment and use of resources with equity in entree to wellness services and efficiency as encompassing goals.3 The ultimate idea was to beef up National Health Systems in disadvantaged and fighting states and to do PHC as the first contact point for persons, households and communities.1, 5 Finally, PHC was seen as a tool for societal and economic development chiefly following Basic Needs Approach .6 A brief definition of PHC in the context of treatment above could be given as: Primary Health Care is attention that is accessible, participatory, integrated/multidisciplinary/Inter-sectoral, indispensable, and just. 7 Key Values and Principles of PHC Approach Alma Ata raised two digesting rules of Equity and Engagement and Health as a Fundamental Human Right along with few related and connected subjects and values.1, 8 The chief subjects and values identified were Prevention, Inter-sectoral coaction, appropriate usage of resources and engineering, long term sustainability and Social Justice that has its roots in the impression of Equity and Fairness . Though some literature sort these embedded subjects and values as Principles 9, the footings values and rules are frequently used interchangeably and should non be confused with each other. For intent of lucidity and apprehension, a brief history of these cardinal rules and values is given below. Equity Justice harmonizing to natural jurisprudence or right ; A specifically: A freedom from prejudice or favoritism .10 Health Unfairnesss have been defined as differences in wellness that are unneeded, evitable, unjust and unfair . 11 Therefore an operational definition of Equity in Health is: Equity in Health is the absence of systematic disparities in wellness between groups with different degrees of underlying societal advantage/disadvantage that is, wealth, power or prestigiousness. 12 In context of above definitions, WHO promulgated the thought of Universal Access to wellness for all the citizens of the universe ; turn toing the wellness disparities that could be bridged through coordinated community and national attempts and by apportioning the wellness resources to those that are in existent demand of those services. 1 Engagement The province of being related to larger whole . 13 Community engagement could be defined as a societal procedure whereby specific groups with shared demands populating in a defined geographic country actively pursue designation of their demands, take determinations and set up mechanism to run into those demands . 14 Community Participation, through lens of Community Mobilisation can be defined as: a capacity-building procedure through which community persons, groups, or organisations program, carry out and measure activities on a participatory and sustained footing to better their wellness and other demands, either on their ain enterprise or stimulated by others . 15 Alma Ata introduced the impressions of Self-Reliance and Self-Determination 1 for the communities under transitional procedure of achieving wellness equity and societal justness accomplishable through PHC attack. Emerging Subjects in Alma Ata Social Justice Fair and just distribution of society s resources, responsibilities and duties and results and possible effects as a consequence of shared activities and actions. 16 Alma Ata emphasized upon supplying just chances for societal and economic development, taking to better wellness position for all by twelvemonth 2000 and put this as a mark in chase of broader end of guaranting societal justness. Inter-sectoral Collaboration Alma Ata besides highlighted the functions and duties of different community elements viz. the Governments, the International Organizations, the NGOs, the giver bureaus, the wellness workers and professionals to work together for constructing comprehensive and sustainable wellness systems and infra constructions that could assist impoverished states to boom socially and economically. 17 The thought of inter-sectoral partnerships was based upon the observations that wellness and wellness attention bringing are influenced by the factor that are outside the wellness sector18, and to command for these factors, these partnerships are inevitable. Appropriate Use of Technology and Resources Alma Ata besides brought frontward the thought of use of resources and presenting technological promotions for better wellness that is appropriate. Appropriate here refers to being sensitive to cultural norms ; societal conditions and economic context of the populations and communities under consideration. Structural Foundations for PHC Framework 8 A new International Economic Order Restraints free Development of decolonized states Proposed Changes to the SEARCH HBNC Programme For Purpose Of Scaling Up A ; Aligning it With PHC Approach: Justifications and Examples Build Strategic Partnerships with Key Players in Socio-Political Arena of Health and Social Development for Valid and Reliable Research Outcomes and for Designing Effective Line of Action for Future Initiatives and Scaling Up of Programmes Alma Ata propagated inters are Healthy Village Programme in Jordan that brought together Ministry of Health ( MoH ) , WHO and local communities. This programme founded a human capital base in the signifier of web of adult females voluntaries who so got engaged in planing and implementing intercessions related to wellness publicity, environmental wellness and healthy lifestyles.19 Similarly, Basic Development Needs Programme in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, Healthy Village Programme in Syria and Healthy and Safe School Environment Project in Yemen are few other illustrations of consequence oriented, community based effectual intercessions in which inter-sectoral coaction and partnership edifice were the landmark features.20 The suggested thought of bordering associations and partnerships is consistent with the PHC attack outlined in Alma Ata. It enhances the effectivity of the interventional schemes by synergising diverse planning and execution thoughts onto one focal point.It besides prevents the future issues of scaling up and enlargement of the programmes. Perform Needs Assessment Exercises for the Local Community to Design More Effective Promotional and Interventional Strategies and To Allocate Resources Efficiently SEARCH provided services based upon needs as assessed by SEARCH squad instead than prosecuting community in such procedure for proper designation of community precedences and demands and this was one of the cardinal failings. It would hold been good to analyze where Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality lies in the preferable demands of the community so as to plan and implement more effectual schemes that help the community in recognizing its true demands. This needs assessment exercising would hold besides enabled SEARCH to present Home Based Neonatal Care that would be consistent with the cultural and societal norms and communal thought. This tantrum with the cultural context and political orientations is one of the cardinal demands for service bringing theoretical accounts as per Alma Ata. Similarly, SEARCH did nt execute any demands assessment exercising for of import constituent of their programme ; the Village Health workers ( VHWs ) related to their communicating and administrative accomplishments. Effective communicating accomplishments, basic clinical accomplishments and art of supervising are cardinal facets of a community wellness workers job.21, 22 Needs appraisal for preparation and development of these indispensable human resources enhances their productiveness and increases the effectivity and efficiency of the wellness programme.23 This could hold besides proven true in instance of SEARCH. Search should hold used PLA ( Participatory Leaning and Action ) tools for needs appraisal. PLA tools aid originating community engagement and in long term sustainability of such engagement. These PLA tools/techniques include Mapping and Diagramming, Ranking and Scoring, flow charts, draw and write, and play and forum theatre.24 Rapid Participatory Appraisals ( RPA ) and Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRA ) are some other techniques which can be used for needs appraisal that have proven utile for such purpose.25 Example of successful execution of community engagement in aiming demands and precedence scene is the Community Development Project through Basic Development Needs ( BDN ) attack in Iran that resulted in sustainable and incorporate community upliftment through designation and addressing of community demands by community itself.26 This suggested alteration in SEARCH programme conforms to the following founding rules of PHC attack. Engagement Rational allotment and use of resources Making interventional schemes appropriate to the wide societal context of targeted communities. This recommendation besides addresses the hereafter challenges related to scaling up. Objective Measurement of Community Participation instead than Subjective Assumptions sing Community Involvement / Ensuring Active Community Participation SEARCH subjectively assumed that community was to the full involved into the undertaking and seemingly that seems to be the instance but upon objectively analyzing the scenario, it becomes clear that community was non involved in every stage of the proposed program of action. In writer s sentiment, community engagement should objectively be measured at each measure ; particularly during planning and execution stages to measure the extent of engagement and to do future programmes more community oriented by get the better ofing past lacks. Normally used tools are Spider gm ( a visual image technique ) , Impact Diagrams etc.24 The Spidergram besides referred to as Pentagram Model assesses community engagement on five different indexs as shown in the figure below.14 It besides identifies the possible countries for betterment and fostering the community engagement in the hereafter. Figure 1. Five Community Participation Indicators as depicted in Spidergram/Pentagram Participatory attacks brought short term benefits along with puting the phase for future betterments in Nepal.27 Similarly, The UNI Trujillo Project in Peru which engaged community from the really get downing even brought approximately more significant impacts on community growing and development.27 Make SEARCH HBNC Programme More Comprehensive: an Integrated Maternal/Women, Child and Family Health Programme would ensue in more Substantial and Sustainable Results The chief focal point of SEARCH was Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality and though they claim to aim households every bit good as female parents, they are non really good represented in the whole programme doing this enterprise a contemplation and illustration of Selective PHC attack which focuses on specific diseases/problems and creates perpendicular ( standalone ) programmes to turn to those job. PHC as envisioned in Alma Ata was instead a set of incorporate and inter connected activities aiming different segments/groups of population therefore ensuing in Comprehensive Coverage of scope of inter related wellness and societal jobs doing it more effectual in a long tally. Selective PHC has been referred to as an interim scheme for disease control since its inception.28 It was nt meant to be a long term solution. The manner forward is Comprehensive PHC because the selective theoretical account has non responded adequately to the interrelatedness between wellness and socioeconomic development, and a rethinking of planetary wellness policy is desperately needed. 29 Jamkhed Project in India ( 1970 to day of the month ) and Kakamega Project in Western Kenya ( 1974 to 1982 ) are premier illustrations of comprehensive and incorporate attack to maternal, newborn and child wellness and general wellness position of the community ( as evident in Kakamega Project ) and success of these undertakings influenced the political orientation of Alma Ata.15 These undertakings portrayed cardinal rules of engagement and solidarity as laid down in Alma Ata. Additionally, Comprehensive PHC Approach helps adhering to identify Alma Ata impressions of efficient and effectual allotment of resources ensuing in low-cost wellness attention for population multitudes and they have proven to be cost effectual ensuing in important cost savings.30 On the other manus, Vertical programmes, epitomizing Selective PHC can run out resources from the wider wellness system and lead to service duplicate, inefficiency and atomization . 31, 32 Some other Recommended Changes to SEARCH Programme in Context of Spirit of Alma Ata Alma Ata included promotive services as Contentss of PHC and as Health Education was one of the constituents of the SEARCH programme, it would be executable for MoH to see utilizing mass media attacks and techniques for wellness publicity and instruction maintaining in position the cultural and social context of the mark population. This suggestion besides conforms to the thought of appropriate engineering usage as outlined in Alma Ata. These aggregate media attacks have proven successful in developed countries33, 34 and this theoretical account and the results could besides be replicated in developing states maintaining in position the rapid incursion of information engineering and media installations into these societies. A spread is apparent in utilizing effectual planning and direction tools in SEARCH enterprise. It would be an appropriate step to make a SWOT or SWOC ( C for Challenges ) analysis before planning and execution of the programme for intent of Situational Analysis instead than merely utilizing it as an rating and monitoring tool. This helps in placing the possible booby traps and provides the avenues to integrate ways to avoid such deficits and menaces in the hereafter. Provision of preparation to the VHWs pertaining to medical and wellness proviso accomplishments but more significantly in footings of their communicating and interpersonal accomplishments every bit good to ease them in executing their occupation map of Health Education efficaciously. Previous experiences of measuring preparation demands and supplying such support have proven useful35 and could be replicated in the given scenes. This demands based preparation attack has enhanced the quality of maternal and child wellness installations in distant communities.36 MoH should see Scaling up as an chance for accomplishing Health for all instead than taking it as threat . The key for effectual grading up would be to use the lessons learnt from SEARCH enterprise and other similar undertakings ; to capitalise upon strengths of such programmes ( the fact that SEARCH had roots in Gadchiroli Community ) and guaranting betterment attempts where needed. MoH should besides execute cultural and contextual analysis in the communities where scaling up activities would be planned and should seek to prosecute local NGOs like SEARCH in those countries into those programmes. Constraints and Challenges to Effective Implementation and Effectiveness of Proposed Amendments/Changes A ; Scaling Up of SEARCH Programme Following are the possible barriers and restraints that have been identified as factors that could impact one or multiple suggested alterations to the programme. This means that one proposed reform could be restrained by battalion of factors given below. Closed Communication Channels between Collaborating Organizations, Differing Partnership Expectations, Issues with Poor Delineation and Definitions of Roles, Responsibilities and Tasks, Differing Management Styles and Organisational Structures18, 37, 38 These factors could impede the formation of effectual and functional webs among different parties and spouses involved. This finally could ensue in waste of resources and jobs in implementing the action programs by virtuousness of creative activity of uneffective Work Teams and by deficiency of clear way for future strategic determination devising. Problems of Programme Costs, Financing and Funding38, 39, 40 Rising administrative costs associated with scaling up could in bend hinder the procedure of scaling up. Additionally, financing issues could turn out to be a barrier to implementing Comprehensive PHC Approach coercing the MoH to choose for Selective schemes ensuing in unfairness among assorted population sections. Lack of support for preparation and instruction of human resources every bit good as for salaries/payments of employed staff could ensue in under enlisting and hiring of unskilled staff finally over burthening the bing human capital base therefore ensuing in low motive and inefficient public presentation. Introducing user fees would cut down the entree and equity .41 Lack of Trained and Skilled Human Resources and Issues of Labour Market Dynamics42 MoH can non entirely rely upon VHWs in order to scale up the programme. There would be a demand of bing skilled human resource base in the early stages of the programme. Poor funding would take to hapless compensations and it would besides impact the preparation and development of VHWs and staff. Labour market kineticss could coerce the people to look for better options is other sectors or programmes ensuing in human resource crisis ; finally aching the chief aim of supplying wellness services to impoverished. It would besides impede the fulfillment of rules of Equity and entree . Resistance from Different Community Stakeholders and Authoritarian Elementss of Society to Change and Transformation39, 42 These factors could turn out a important barrier to active community engagement specially in under developed puting where some communal elements have significant impact upon determinations sing mundane societal life. This would ache the impression of Participation , one of the basicss of PHC attack. Lack of Institutional Capacity and Leadership37, 42 The sub-optimal capacity of province and authorities for decentalisation 37 coupled with weak community leading could be a major barrier for execution of the programme. Problems and Restrictions with Measuring Participation43 Lack of apprehension of process indexs among community participants every bit good as prejudice in mensurating engagement due to differing response mechanisms within community could do such measurement worthless and non representative of existent scenario. Predominating Politicss and Policies within Health Sector, Local Bureaucracies37 These factors could forestall active community engagement , Community mobilization , entree to wellness services and programmes every bit good as development of inter-sectoral coactions. Differences in Cultural and Social Context between Communities This factor could turn out to be a important challenge and it highlights the demand for Community tailored wellness intercessions that are sensitive to their specific cultural patterns and societal attitudes. Decision Taking into consideration Primary Health Care: Now more than Ever 44 and study of Commission on Social Determinants of Health 45 ; this is the clip for true and existent life application of PHC Approach . Finally, it s recommended that Ministry of Health should seek in future to scale up wellness programmes following the Aga Khan Development Network theoretical account of Integrated Service Delivery for Social Development. 46

Famous Inventors - G Biographies

Famous Inventors - G Biographies Frances Gabe Gabe and the history of the Self-Cleaning House. Dr. Dennis Gbor Developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope. Galileo Galilei One of the greatest scientists of all history Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun not the earth as people thought at the time. He also invented a crude thermometer, early telescope, and contributed to the invention of the clock. Luigi Galvani Demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses. Charon Robin Ganellin Received a patent for Tagamet - inhibits the production of stomach acid. John Garand Invented the M1 semiautomatic rifle or Garand rifle in 1934. Samuel Gardiner Inventor of the high explosive rifle bullet. Bill Gates The chairman of Microsoft, their chief software architect, and the creator of many early PC software programs. Books on Bill Gates Richard Gatling Inventor of the Gatling gun William Ged The Scottish goldsmith who invented stereotyping in 1725, a process in which a whole page of type is cast in a single mold so that a printing plate can be made from it. Hans Geiger Hans Geiger co-invented the geiger counter. Joseph Gerber Invented the Gerber Variable Scale ® and the GERBERcutter ®. Edmund Germer Invented a high-pressure vapor lamp. His development of the improved fluorescent lamp and the high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp allowed for more economical lighting with less heat. A C Gilbert Invented the Erector Set - a childs building toy. William Gilbert Father of electricity who first coined the term electricity from the Greek word for amber. Lillian Gilbreth An inventor, author, industrial engineer, industrial psychologist, and mother of twelve children. King Camp Gillette Invented the disposable balde safety razor. Charles P Ginsburg Developed the first practical videotape recorder (VTR). Robert H Goddard Goddard and the history of liquid-fueled rockets. Sarah E Goode The first African American woman to receive a US patent. Charles Goodyear Made improvements in the indian-rubber fabrics used in tires. James Gosling Invented Java, a programming language and environment. Gordon Gould Invented the laser. Meredith C Gourdine Invented electrogasdynamics systems. Bette Nesmith Graham Invented Liquid Paper. Sylvester Graham Invented Graham Crackers in 1829. Temple Grandin Invented livestock handling devices. Arthur Granjean Invented the Etch-A-Sketch - a childs reusable drawing tool. George Grant An improved tapered golf tee was patented in 1899 by George F. Grant. Grateful Dead - Trademarks Famous trademarks belonging to the Grateful Dead. Elisha Gray Elisha Gray also invented a version of the telephone - biographies and patent information. See Also - Elisha Gray Patents Wilson Greatbatch Invented an implantable cardiac pacemaker. Leonard Michael Greene Invented a stall warning device for airplanes. Greene has patented dozens of inventions related to aviation technology. Chester Greenwood A grammar school dropout, Greenwood invented earmuffs at the age of 15 and accumulated over 100 patents in his lifetime. David Paul Gregg First envisioned the optical or laser disc in 1958 and patented it in 1969. KK Gregory The ten-year-old famous inventor of Wristies ®. Al Gross Invented a walkie talkie radio and a telephone pager. Rudolf Gunnerman Invented water-based fuels. Johannes Gutenberg In 1450, Gutenberg made his first printing press. Try Searching by Invention If you cannot find what you want, try searching by invention. Continue Alphabetically H Starting Last Names

CRITIQUE OF EARLY CHRISTIAN TEXT-- --POLYCARP'S LETTER TO THE Essay

CRITIQUE OF EARLY CHRISTIAN TEXT-- --POLYCARP'S LETTER TO THE PHILIPPIANS - Essay Example The date of the Letter is hardly satisfactorily determined; often scientists take as the reference point martyrdom of Polycarp (Palmer 3). The texts written in this period (late 1st and early 2nd centuries) have been influenced in more or less grade Jewish motifs that â€Å"pervaded Christian thinking and practice at this primitive stage† (Patristic literature). The Holy Spirit even in extremely bias translations saves all the major doctrines. In every way it leads the person to Jesus. There are several translations of the Epistle of Polycarp and each of them has something to convey and bring (Church History 39). The doubts against the authenticity of it, especially the last chapters, surviving only in the ancient Latin text, cannot be considered thoroughly, because critics did not want to accept the message of Polycarp in its full form as it contained the words about the letters of Ignatius Antioch. The Epistle to the Philippians was written shortly after the death of St. Ignatius. It was caused by a petition to the Christians of the city Philip of habeas letters of Ignatius to Polycarp and other Christians, what he had, to them. Fulfilling their request, the Bishop of Smyrna gives them a number of Christian teachings, warns against the heretics, tells the responsibilities of presbyters and deacons, men and virgins, spouses and widows, he convinces to avoid covetousness, to practice praying and fasting, and instills patience and love for enemies. For a long time the Greek text of the Polycarp`s Letter contained first only 9 chapters and the remaining 5 chapters were preserved in the ancient Latin translation. So from the point of view of contemporary scholars they could be placed to a category of Jewish-Christian literature. Polycarp`s letter is a sign of growing awareness of the traditions of Christianity. His letter is also supplemented with verses from the New Testament: â€Å"The strong root

China increasing presence in sub-saharan africa Dissertation

China increasing presence in sub-saharan africa - Dissertation Example China despite having high population (over 1 billion people) compared to numerous states globally, the state continues to exhibit a remarkable economic improvement each year (Bloomberg 2010). This is due to its insistence on economic investment not only inside the state but also globally whereby China attains incomparable benefits in return. Some of these benefits/returns to the China embrace available market for their exports, raw materials, imports and even oil. The latter commodity (oil) is almost getting exhausted in the states which China used to rely on besides the US developing political interests in these regions with the intention of dominating the states (Middle East states), hence yielding to stiff competition. Relationship between China and Sub Saharan African region that has yielded to current strong involvement between the two sides is mutually beneficial. This implies the involved parties regardless of their varying economic grounds, maximally benefit from each though due to China’s high demand for raw materials it ended up initiating the move. This is evident from the China’s numerous economic activities evident in SSA region contrary to those of the western states that had initially and up to date invested in Africa (Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris 2007). Hence, exhibiting China is out to compete with its rivals (Europe and US) though the tactic is not political as witnessed with US seeming to dominate the other region. China in its quest to attain and ensure cordial relationship with SSA region, embarked on heavy investing that will not only guarantee present benefits but also the future (Kaplinsky, McCormick, and Morris 2007). Hence, being prudent in their actions especially in shunning the areas that have for long maintained a high reputation of rich oil reserves, though currently are undergoing depletion (Broadman 2007). This has prompted China to focus on developing SSA region via establishing and supporting varied key proje cts. Most of these projects encompass those, which for long superpower states (west and US) evaded or heightened their bids especially when negotiating about terms once they finance them. Hence, prompting China to use this opportunity to offer interest-free loans meant for varied states’ projects in this region to back and fund their projects. For instance, this is evident in Libreville where China gave $2 billion and an additional of $6 million loan in return for timber (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and PRC.2000). This is among numerous interventions and incidences regarding trade, which China has involved itself by concentrating on ensuring cordial relationship with SSA region besides constant flow of raw materials for their home industries. The inception of china’s interest in SSA region started with the tour of President Hu Jintao who ended up entering into various agreements with the key SSA states, for instance, Algerian and Gabon regimes. His core intention enco mpassed seeking constant suppliers of oil for his states. Consequently, this prompted china to finanncing oil exploration projects after signing an agreement with Omar Bongo in Lbreville (China Monitor 2006). In addition, Sinopec and Total-Gabon company made an agreement where the latter was to export 1Millions tons of oil to china (China Monitor 2006). This prompted China to give a loan of 420 Million euro meant to develop Zarzaitine oil field, which was after signing agreement in 2002 (China Monitor 20