Propaganda Posters WW1

Propaganda Posters WW1 The propaganda posters of World War 1 had several different purposes. One of these purposes was to obtain man power for the battles of the war. Another reason was to obtain money for financing the war. A third reason for the posters was to spark nationalism within the respective countries of which the posters were made. Getting laborers in the shell factories was also a cause for the propaganda posters. A final reason was to justify the reason for why the countries were involved in the war so that the people dont rebel against the war. The people who were probable targets for the posters were men, women, and even children. For example, posters that showed how women were being murdered by the enemy sparked a sense of honor in the hearts of the men and it influenced them to fight for their country to protect it and their women. Some posters targeted childrens parents by saying My dad bought me a bond, did yours? or something equivalent. By targeting these specific groups, the posters made everyone involved in total war. The posters suggested many ways for the people of the countries to be involved in the war. Posters suggested that people buy liberty bonds or military bonds in order to help the country financially. They also called for the men to fight and to go the front. Moreover, people, primarily women, were drawn to the factories so that they can help with the shells of the bombs and sometimes with the guns. People were also urged to provide things such as food and clothing for the soldiers on the fronts. By suggesting these types of things, posters made everyone fight as the posters were suppose to do. I think that the role of the propaganda in World War 1 was to get people directly involved into the war and to get money to finance the war. The propaganda made people feel nationalist about their countries and they wanted to fight and help in the war. Liberty bonds or war bonds were money that were given to the government to finance the war, and at the end of the war, the people would get the money back with interest. These bonds were important because the governments needed money to be able to pay the soldiers and to wage the war on the front. By getting money from the people, the country had enough money to finance its economy and also it was a good investment for the people who invested in the war. A wide range of images is used in the World War 1 posters. One example was Lady Liberty leading the American troops into battle. Another image was the Australian flag which said for the king and the country. This image made Australians feel nationalistic about their country. A third image that was shown was the German gorilla which made people fear the destruction of Germany and therefore they wanted to fight against Germany. A German propaganda poster portrays how Jesus is blessing the German army. Other German posters also show a soldier to make the men want to fight. Finally, an Austrian poster shows how a child is putting in money for the war. This was another way to make men and women buy bonds for the war. Several good symbols were used during the World War 1. A gorilla portraying Germany was used to show how ugly and evil Germany was. Another British symbol showed Germany as a skeleton that is drinking the blood of the fallen soldiers. These images made people want to fight Germany and to end its terror over Europe. Australia used a fallen soldier pointing at the viewer of the poster to make men want to avenge the death or wounding of the soldiers who give their lives on the front. Germany made its people join the war by showing how the army was blessed by Jesus which symbolized that it was destined for greatness. They also used the symbol of a soldier on a horse, with a oval around his head which in Orthodox Christianity in particular that portrays him as a saint. In general, the Germans were so confident that they would win, that they showed how glorious their army supposedly was. All of the symbols were used to make the people of the countries fight their enemies. Allies Posters Similarities Central Powers posters Their messages were short and simple. Said true statements. Portrayed German brutality. Both wanted resources. Both guaranteed wins. Both urged men to enlist in the fighting. Long messages that said a lot and not very effective. -Contained lies because the army was not as blessed as the newly enlisted soldiers thought. Showed army to be mighty and blessed by God. My favorite poster is the one from Australia which showed how Freedom is in a tug of war with the Oppression. I liked this poster because it was an original way to show how the war was going and in a way it made it seem less dramatic than it really is. I also think that Australians had the most interesting posters in general because their posters were more elaborate and more interesting than the rest of the countries in the war.

Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises

| Key issues in small business enterprises| Personal Reflective Report| | Zdravko Mihaylov| BA (HONS) Business Enterprise Development2012| | Introduction Small business enterprises are important for the modern market economy in terms of innovation, employment and flexibility. They are the backbone of our economy. Around 98. 6% of all businesses are considered small (Goodman, 2006) and every large business was at some point small. Small business enterprises are very different to large business enterprises.They operate in different circumstances, such as having different management techniques, facing different financial constraints and production choices, and bearing different relative regulatory burdens. This report’s aim is to identify some of the key issues facing small business enterprises today, addressed in the Enterprise Finance unit, in order to give better view of the challenges presented in their survival and growth. Small business enterprises are often at a competitiv e disadvantage to large business enterprises.They may have difficulty achieving economies of scale, where large enterprises have already been well established, they often have difficulty in acquiring sources of finance and they may have problems with government policy and regulation, which are often designed to assist specifically large enterprises (Holmes et al, 2003). Other factors that may bring to small enterprise failure include: poor credit management, poor stock management, poor pricing practice, excessive profit distribution, excessive investment in long term assets and others (Holmes et al, 2003:142).They are very dependent on the founding owners and have higher business risk. Evaluation In summary, two broad forms of business failure can be identified. The first involves the start-up of the business, bankruptcy, liquidation, voluntary wind-up/closure. The second form is where the business continues to operate, but the return on capital, time and effort contributed by owner s is bellow the desired. Small business enterprises have difficulty competing with already established large enterprises.New enterprises rarely have the financial backing to set up a large-scale operation to take immediate advantage of scale economies. Except the challenges brought by the lack of history and reputation, a development of a price cutting war may become a great threat to small enterprises, as they may not have the financial capacity to withstand such competition. Some of the scale economies not available to small enterprises are listed in Figure 1. 1 in the Appendices. A way of overcoming those issues is adopting strategies to overcome some of the disadvantages or to target small niche markets in which to operate.Small business enterprises suffer from chronic undercapitalisation as they often have limited access to the capital and money markets (Tamari, 1980). Two main â€Å"gaps† can be identifies as responsible for that: Knowledge gap – lack of awarenes s of appropriate sources of finance and their relative merits resulting in restricted use of debt; Supply gap – unavailability of funds or exceeding cost of debt. Another barrier is the required higher rate of return on funds invested or lent due to the higher risk in small business enterprises (Storet, 1994).Problems can even arrive from the owners’ inclination of not wanting to share control of the business with investors. Other frequent cause of small business failure is the lack of liquidity or little financial planning and control. Two critical periods of financial needs are identified within the business life cycle: the start up and the rapid expansion. To overcome this problem and avoid overtrading1, a long-term finance source is needed. Different financial stress factors have also been identified by Hutchinson and Ray (1986) in each stage of the lifecycle, which can be seen on Figure 1. in Appendices. Another major challenge for small enterprises is the burden of complying with government regulations. Part of the burden problem can be attributed to poorly designed legislations. Two disadvantages are seen by this, listed in Figure 1. 2 in the Appendices. While a lot of studies show that small enterprises face a greater relative compliance burden than large enterprises, some consider that many of them ‘are so flawed that we must view their findings with scepticism’ (Brock and Evans, 1986: pp. 134-5).When looking at the small firm survival over a period of time, a key variable is net profit. It is defined by subtracting all operational costs from gross profits and the costs of closing down a business. For staying in business over a period of time, it is required that net profit should not fall below zero. In case of being positive, the firm might have some prospect for growth, while in case of being zero, it is just breaking even. If it stays negative for a period of years, it invites failure and exit from the market.Thus one mi ght express that for staying in business, net profit should be non-negative. Small business enterprises usually have centralized control by the owner, thus his managing skills are critical for the survival of the business. Perry and Pendelton (1983) estimated that 90% of the business failures are associated with management inexperience and/or incompetence. It has been identified that managerial roles relate to the lifecycle of a business enterprise (Holmes et al, 2003:150), so different managerial skills are required for each lifecycle stage.In other words, if owners do not have the necessary managerial skill for each stage, the business might be at a great risk. Conclusion The objective of this project was to determine the key issues facing small business enterprises today, discussed in the Enterprise Finance unit, and to draw the knowledge gained. Firstly, the report begins with analysis of the disadvantages of barrier of entry, Overtrading1 – when a business expands withou t a solid financial foundation financial and government regulation issues of small enterprises.The report continues with examination of the survival over a period of time and the role of the owner-manager in small business enterprises. The issues listed in this report cannot be generalised for all small business enterprises, as each one has a unique structure, resources and capabilities. Further research may be required in this area before any decisive conclusions can be drawn. Bibliography Brock, W. A. , & Evans, D. S. (1986). The Economies of Small Businesses: Their Role and Regulation in the US Economy. Holmes and Meier: New York. Goodman, G. (2006).Five Challenges Every Small Business Owner Faces. From http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Challenges-Every-Small-Business-Owner-Faces&id=158921 Holmes et al. (2003). Small Enterprise Finance. John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd: Sydney Perry, C. , & Pendelton. W. (1983). Successful Small Business Management. Pitman Publishing: Sydney. Store y, D. J. (1994). Understanding the small business Sector. Routledge: London. Tamari, M. (1980). The financial structure of the small firm. American Journal of Small Businesses, 4:4 20-34. Appendices ————————————————-Figure 1. 1 Scale economies of large enterprises, not available to small enterprises | Longer production runs based on larger and more technologically advanced plant and machineryQuantity discounts on input purchasesEmploying specialistsMore widespread advertisingAccess to more forms of finance on better terms and conditionsMore sophisticated information gatheringLower unit costs in complying with government regulations and reporting obligations| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 52-53) ————————————————- Figure 1. 2 Government regulation disadva ntages |A greater relative cost burden in complying with many forms of government regulation, because of the substantial fixed costs involvedGovernment policy measures being designed to assist large enterprises more than small enterprises| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 54) ————————————————- Figure 1. 3 A view of the financial lifecycle of a smaller growth enterprise Stage| Finance used| Predominant financial stress factor| Inception| Owner’s resources| Undercapitalisation| Growth 1 (Take-off)| Owners’ resources plus retained profits, trade credit,

A Straight Bat Essay

Parents often have ideal ways they want their children to be; sometimes they don’t give them any freedom to choose. â€Å"A Straight Bat†, written by Roger Holt, is a short story about George who wants his son to become a great cricket player just like him even though his son, Timothy, doesn’t want to and wants to play the violin. This reading will be related to the dominant reading where readers sympathise with the son and see the father as an overbearing and oppressive man. This reading focuses on how the father forces his son to live under his shadow and how it’s represented through the actions and words of the characters. George is seen as a dominant figure who expects his son to live under his shadow. This is demonstrated through the speech of George. Before Timothy goes to his boarding school George gives him a cricket bat as a present. â€Å"What do you say?† This shows us how controlling he is towards his son. George also reminds him that he must become a good cricket player. â€Å"You must score lots of runs with it, Timothy†¦ Hundreds of them† He expects his son to love cricket and to become a star just like he was when he was at the same school. He doesn’t give his son any freedom to do what he wants to â€Å"You have a tradition to keep up. Your father still holds the record for the quickest century† he expects his son to be just like him. Through the speech of George we can see that George expects too much from his son and tries to control how his son lives. We sympathise with Timothy and see him as a weak character that is suppressed by his father. This can be seen in the speech and the actions of Timothy. After receiving the cricket bat T imothy isn’t very excited about it and wasn’t too interested. His father says â€Å"What do you say?† and he replies with â€Å"Thank you, Daddy† as if he was being controlled by his father. â€Å"Timothy stared at the wall in front of him and thought of the violins.† He is fascinated by violins and isn’t very interested in playing crickets yet his father is still pushing him to play cricket. Timothy’s individuality is suppressed by his father and this is shown through his actions and words. The one sided relationship between Timothy and George can be shown through the actions of the characters. When George gives Timothy the bat and expects him to become a cricket player it’s almost like he is caging a bird, Timothy doesn’t really want to play cricket but there isn’t much he can do. He swaps his cricket bat for a violin and it’s like he is free from his cage. When hisfather finds out about this he is furious and even smashes the violin â€Å"With a swift downward motion George smashed the violin across his knee.† The smashing of the violin is like Timothy getting his wings clipped and he is stuck in his cage forever. â€Å"He threw the ball back to his father and prepared himself for a lifetime of playing a straight bat on a pitch† After having his violin broken by his father Timothy has given up and just prepares to play cricket just like his father. In this father son relationship George is basically just forcing Timothy to live just like him and this is shown by the actions of the two. In conclusion the George is seen as restricting Timothy’s freedom to do what he wants to do, this is illustrated by the words and actions of the characters. Sometimes parents expect too much from their children and it can damage the relationship betw een them.

Police Interaction Of The Mentally Ill - 2526 Words

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